IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION BY DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS ON THE REAL SECTOR OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY (1980 – 2012)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The function of deposit money banks is the mobilization of savings for investment. The importance of banks in influencing economic growth within an economy is widely acknowledged. Schumpeter (1932) as cited in Blum, Federmair, Fink and Haiss (2002) identified bank’s role in facilitating technological innovation through their intermediary roles. He believes that efficient allocation of savings through identification and funding of entrepreneurs with the best chances of successfully implementing innovative products and production processes, are tools to achieve a real growth.
According to Blum, etal (2002), financial intermediation is the process of transferring the savings of some economic units to others for consumption or investment at a price. For financial intermediation to take place there must be instruments and financial institutions operating together with the objective of bringing about economic growth of the country. Black (2002) defines financial intermediaries as firms whose main function is to borrow money from one set of people and lend it to another. Financial Intermediary institutions consist of banks and non-bank loan suppliers such as Finance companies, mortgage lenders and development finance institutions.
Many researchers have identified a theoretical relationship between financial intermediation and the real sector (the output and services sector of the economy), for instance, Smith (1976) cited in Blum, et al (2002) express the view that the high density of banks in the Scotland of his times was a crucial factor for the rapid development of Scottish economy. Schumpeter (1932) cited in Blum, et al, (2002) argued that the creation of credit through the banking system was an essential source of entrepreneur’s capability to drive real sector growth by funding and employing new combinations of factor use.
Many researchers (for example, Goldsmith, 1969; McKinnon, 1973; Shaw, 1973; Fry, 1988; and King and Levine 1993) have pointed out the significance of banks to the growth of the economy. In examining the relationship, a number of recent empirical studies (for example, Azege, 2004; Levine, 2005; and Ayadi, Adegbite, 2008) have relied on measures of size of financial intermediaries to provide evidence of a link between financial system development and economic growth. This used macro level data such as size of financial intermediaries relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to determine the impact of financial development on economic growth. In particular, Ayadi, and Adegbeti (2008) established a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1986 – 2005.
Also there are many other studies that investigate the relationship between financial intermediation and real sector growth in Nigeria. Notable among them are; Azege (2004); Ndebbio (2004); Ayadi, et al, (2008); Agu and Chukwu (2008); Adbullahi (2009); and Nzotta and Okereke (2009), but the results of these studies are divergent. The divergence seems to emanate from the different estimation procedures and the data used for analysis. These results are deficient in that they did not attempt to evaluate the causality between financial intermediation and real sector growth in Nigeria. They merely examine the correlation between financial intermediation and real sector. Another observed weakness of these previous studies is that they did not discuss the implications of the relationship that exist between finance and real sector growth. These studies also did not give the specific implication of each variable of financial intermediation on the real sector activities in Nigeria. This means there is a gap in the literature which needs to be covered by research.
This study is an attempt to cover the gap that exists in this area of study by examining empirically, the impact of financial intermediation by banks on the real sector growth of the Nigerian economy.